Educational Thread about Educational Stuff.
#41
[Image: indi-MMAP-md.png]
India, officially the Republic of India (IAST: Bhārat Gaṇarājya),[22][23][c] is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;[d] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.

Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history.[24] Four religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also shaped the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.

In 2015, the Indian economy was the world's seventh-largest by nominal GDP and third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP).[18] Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest-growing major economies; it is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition and inadequate public healthcare. A nuclear weapons state and a regional power, it has the third-largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a federal republic governed under a parliamentary system and consists of 29 states and 7 union territories. India is a pluralistic, multilingual, and a multi-ethnic society. It is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.
#42
From today's featured article
Rihanna in 2013
Rihanna
"Diamonds" is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna (pictured), digitally released on September 27, 2012, from her seventh studio album, Unapologetic. The song was written and produced by Benny Blanco and StarGate and co-written by Sia Furler. A mid-tempo electronic and pop ballad, it features heavy synthesizers, orchestral sounds and electronic rhythms. "Diamonds" topped music charts in over twenty countries, including the United States, where it became Rihanna's twelfth number one single on the Billboard Hot 100, tying her for fifth place for total number one singles on that chart with Madonna and The Supremes. The song was certified five-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. By May 2013, it had sold over 7.5 million copies worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time. The song's music video was praised by critics for its imagery, depicting Rihanna in scenes representing the elements of earth, air, water and fire. The singer performed "Diamonds" on television shows such as Saturday Night Live and The X Factor and included it on the 777, Diamonds and Monster Tour set lists. (Full article...)

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#43
EXORCISM SPELLS


Warning: To be said by a priest only!


This is a prayer against Satan and his rebellious angels. It was published by the Order of His Holiness Pope Leo XIII. This simple prayer must be said by a priest only.

Information


Spoiler :
The term "exorcism"" does NOT always denote a solemn exorcism involving a person possessed by the devil. In general, the term denotes prayers to "curb the power of the devil and prevent him from doing harm." As St. Peter had written in Holy Scripture, "your adversary the devil, as a roaring lion,goes about seeking whom he may devour." [1 St.Pet. 5:8]. The Holy Father exhorts priests to say this prayer as often as possible, as a simple exorcism to curb the power of the devil and prevent him from doing harm. The faithful also may say it in their own name, for the same purpose, as any approved prayer. Its use is recommended whenever action of the devil is suspected, causing malice in men, violent temptations and even storms and variouscalamities. It could be used as a solemn exorcism (an official and public ceremony, in Latin), toexpel the devil. It would then be said by a priest, in the name of the Church and only with a Bishop's permission.


EXORCISM SPELLS

Spoiler :
Latin: Exorcizamus te, omnis immunde spiritus, omni satanica potestas, omnis incursioinfernalis adversarii, omnis legio, omnis congregatio et secta diabolica, in nomini etvirtute Domini nostri Jesu Christi, eradicare et effugare a Dei Ecclesia, ab animabusad imaginem Dei conditis ac pretioso divini Agni sanguini redemptis.
English: We cast you out, every unclean spirit, every satanic power, every onslaught of the infernal adversary, everylegion, every diabolical group and sect, in the name and by the power of our Lord Jesus Christ. Wecommand you, begone and fly far from the Church of God, from the souls made by God in His image andredeemed by the precious blood of the divine Lamb.

Spell Number 2

Spoiler :
LatinCrux sacra sit mihi lux! Nunquam draco sit mihi dux. Vade retro Satana! Nunquamsuade mihi vana! Sunt mala quae libas. Ipse venena bibas!
English: May the holy cross be my light! May the dragon never be my guide. Begone Satan! Never tempt me withyour vanities! What you offer me is evil. Drink the poison yourself!


cool enjoy you fuckin spells
señor de los anillos de plata
shitposter a nivel subatómico

Imagen de firma eliminada (demasiado grande) - DVN
#44
The Polish-Soviet War

In 1917, a revolution sprung up in the Russian Empire. At the time, Russia was in the midst of one of the greatest conflicts in history - the Great War, also know as the First World War. The Revolution happened in February and aimed to restrict the Russian monarchy's power. The Revolution succeeded, making Russia a constitutional monarchy. But later, in October, another revolution would start - the October Revolution. The Communists, also known as the Bolsheviks, wanted to make Russia Communist. The revolution would take much longer than the February Revolution would - the October Revolution would last around 4 years, although it became more inactive in the later years.

The October Revolution would later become part of a much greater conflict, the Russian Civil War. Nations like Poland, Ukraine and others became independent from Russia and were eager to claim lands they thought of as rightfully theirs. The Polish attempted to expand as far east as possible.

Now, in early 1919, the Soviets decided to make a counter-attack, taking large parts of Poland in just two weeks. But it soon came to a halt, only to start up again in march. The Polish crossed the Neuman River, which would lead to a series of victories for the Polish, as they came as far as Daugava River.

In late May, 1920, the Soviets would end up in a series of victories, as they started their march westwards - pushing the Polish back. In early August, 1920, the Polish had been pushed back deep into Poland.

On the 10th of August 1920, Soviet Cossacks crossed the Vistula River towards Warsaw, the capital of Poland. They attacked from the west, but the main attack would actually come from the east.
However, the Polish had decoded transmissions from the Soviets and they were now trying to trick the Soviets into doing exactly that.
The Polish soon counterattacked, turning the tides of the attack on Warsaw.
Soon, a gap was found in the Soviet fronts and the Polish exploited this, continuing their march north.

The Soviet general, Tukhachevsky, ordered a general retreat to the Bug River to reassemble the armies. But his orders didn't make it or were too late when they arrived.

The Soviet northern divisions were now trapped, cut off from supply lines and from any communication with the Soviet leadership.
Meanwhile, the Soviet forces on the other side of Warsaw are starting to retreat back, as Tukhachevskys orders finally start to come in, but the Polish are still pushing at the same time.
The Soviet forces then take a defensive stance at the Polish-Lithuanian border, but the defense is broken in the Battle of the Niemen River.

Soon, the Bolsheviks sue for peace, ending the war and making the Polish independent for the second last time in history so far.


[Image: PBW_August_1920.png]
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  • Teddy
#45
What to do after announcement the alarm?

[Image: 8ChBfRZ.jpg]

We have different alarms.

When we hear the alarm, we're scared. We're afraid. But we need to calm and use the instruction with plan of the operation.

What to do when you hear natural disaster alarm?
-Turn on the radio or TV to get the informations about the disaster
-Apply to the statement from the public administration
-Make the contact with neighbors
-In case of the call(I mean if they call you to...) help in emergancy actions

What to do when you hear air raid alarm?
-Stop everything what you are doing
-Turn off every electical device (turn off it by main electric switch) and cut off gas supply (cut off it by main gas valve)
-Extinguish every fireplace in furnuce, ovens etc.
-Take supplies
-Close every window, door (the main door close on the key)
-Check, neighbors heard the alarm
-Now? Go to the nearest shelter

What to do when you hear pollution alarm?
You need to use every protection against pollution and take cover in the nearest shelter. Persons in the pollution area need to go from there, NOW!
Do not go into puddle, stains, fumes, fog, smoke. Do not go into area desspresions.

What to do when you hear the notice about pollution danger?
-Use to the instructions and tips in the statements from media and local services (Police etc.)
-Check condition of your protective clothes(Gas mask etc.)
-Check condition of supply of food and water
-Check technical condition safe rooms.
-If you'll go to the shelter. Take portable Radio.

What to do when you hear the notice infections about danger?
-Use to the instructions and tips in the statements from media and local services (Police etc.)
-Check conditions supply of food,water and medicine
-Intensify efforts about your hygiene and food hygienie
-Isolate rooms where people stays from insects and rodents

I hope you enjoyed! And I hope you know what to do! Be safe!
#46
(09-24-2016, 06:25 PM)SirMinus Wrote: [Image: MaleMathTeacher.jpg]

That notation is horrible, yet the pic is from a university?


Less history, more science Wink
Regards,
aviator
#47
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A painting of the ship bombarding Belgrade in 1914
SMS Körös was the first of the Körös-class river monitors built for the Austro-Hungarian Navy and completed in 1892. As part of the Danube Flotilla during World War I, the ship fought various Allied forces from Belgrade down the Danube to the Black Sea. Renamed Morava after the war, she was transferred to the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), and remained in service throughout the interwar period, although not always in full commission. During the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, Morava was the flagship of the 2nd Mine Barrage Division, operating on the Tisza river. The river monitor fought off attacks by the Luftwaffe and shot down one enemy aircraft, but was forced to withdraw to Belgrade. High river levels and low bridges made navigation difficult, and the ship was scuttled by the crew on 11 April. She was later raised by the navy of the Axis puppet state of Croatia and continued to serve as Bosna until striking a mine and sinking in June 1944. (Full article...)

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Rock-Olga in 1959
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... that singer Rock-Olga (pictured) recorded an album in 1972 using ABBA members Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad as backing vocalists?
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Shimon Peres
Former Israeli President and Prime Minister, and Nobel Peace Prize winner Shimon Peres (pictured) dies at the age of 93.
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Yahoo! confirms that hackers infiltrated its network in late 2014 and stole information associated with at least 500 million user accounts – the largest data breach reported to date.
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William the Conqueror
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The Biham–Middleton–Levine traffic model for a 144 x 89 lattice, with a traffic density of 38%. The model has self-organized to a periodic intermediate phase. The red cars and blue cars take turns to move; the red ones only move rightwards, and the blue ones move downwards. Every time, all the cars of the same colour try to move one step if there is no car in front of it. This video has been sped up such that only one in four frames is shown.

See the disordered intermediate phase

Film: Dllu

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  • Emil
#48

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[Image: 350px-Science_fiction_plus_195303_v1_n1.jpg]
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Covers of the first and last issues of Science-Fiction Plus



This Signpost "Featured content" report covers material promoted from 14 to 27 August.
Text may be adapted from the respective articles and lists; see their page histories for attribution.



Featured articles

[Image: 350px-Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_...chilii.jpg]


Lynx illustration by Sidney Hall from Urania's Mirror



[Image: 350px-Michael_Phelps_Rio_Olympics_2016.jpg]


Michael Phelps holds four individual and three teamOlympic swimming records.


Twelve featured articles were promoted these weeks.
  • No. 91 (Composite) Wing (nominated by Ian Rose) was a Royal Australian Air Force wing that operated during the Korean War and its immediate aftermath. It was established in October 1950 to administer RAAF units deployed in the conflict: No. 77 (Fighter) Squadron, flying North American P-51 Mustangs; No. 30 Communications Flight, flying Austers and Douglas C-47 Dakotas; No. 391 (Base) Squadron; and No. 491 (Maintenance) Squadron. The wing was headquartered at Iwakuni, Japan, as were its subordinate units with the exception of No. 77 Squadron.
  • Lynx (nominated by Casliber) is a constellation in the northern sky that was introduced in the 17th century by Johannes Hevelius. It is a faint constellation with its brightest stars forming a zigzag line. The orange giant Alpha Lyncis is the brightest star in the constellation, while the semiregular variable star Y Lyncis is a target for amateur astronomers. Six star systems have been found to contain planets.
  • Rare Replay (nominated by Czar) is a 2015 compilation of 30 video games from the 30-year history of developers Rare and its predecessor, Ultimate Play the Game. The emulated games span multiple genres and consoles, and retain the features and errors of their original releases with minimal edits. The compilation adds cheats to make the older games easier and a Snapshots mode of specific challenges culled from parts of the games. Player progress is rewarded with behind-the-scenes footage and interviews about Rare's major and unreleased games.
  • HMS Emerald (nominated by Ykraps) was a 36-gun Amazon-class frigate that Sir William Rule designed in 1794 for the Royal Navy. She was completed in 1795 and joined John Jervis's fleet in the Mediterranean. Emerald was one of several vessels to hunt down and capture Santisima Trinidad. She was part of John Thomas Duckworth's squadron during the Action of 7 April 1800 off Cadiz.Emerald served in the Caribbean throughout 1803 in Samuel Hood's fleet, then took part in the invasion of St Lucia, and of Surinam. Returning to home waters for repairs in 1806, she served in the western approaches before joining a fleet under James Gambier in 1809, and taking part in the Battle of the Basque Roads. In 1811 she sailed to Portsmouth where she was laid up in ordinary. Fitted out as a receiving ship in 1822, she was eventually broken up in 1836.
  • Wrestle Kingdom 9 (nominated by Ribbon Salminen and Starship.paint) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event, produced by the New Japan Pro Wrestling promotion, which took place at the Tokyo Dome in Tokyo, Japan, in 2015. It was the 24th January 4 Tokyo Dome Show and the first event on the 2015 NJPW schedule. The event featured ten professional wrestling matches and one pre-show match, six of which were for championships. The event was attended by 36,000 people, and received universally positive reviews from critics.
  • The Boat Races 2016 (nominated by The Rambling Man) took place on 27 March. Held annually, The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge along a 4.2-mile (6.8 km) tidal stretch of the River Thames in southwest London. For the first time in the history of the event, the men's, women's, and both reserves' races were all held on the Tideway on the same day.
  • Science-Fiction Plus (nominated by Mike Christie) was a U.S. science fiction magazine published by Hugo Gernsback for seven issues in 1953. It was initially in slick format, meaning that it was large-size and printed on glossy paper. Gernsback had always believed in the educational power of science fiction, and he continued to advocate his views in the new magazine's editorials. Sales were initially good, but soon fell. For the last two issues Gernsback switched the magazine to cheaper pulp paper, but the magazine remained unprofitable. The final issue was dated December 1953.
  • "No Me Queda Más" (nominated by AJona1992) is a song by American recording artist Selena for her fourth studio album, Amor Prohibido. It was released as the third single from the album in 1994 by EMI Latin. "No Me Queda Más" was written by Ricky Vela, and production was handled by Selena's brother A.B. Quintanilla. A downtempo mariachi and pop ballad, the song portrays the ranchera storyline of a woman in agony after the end of a relationship. Its lyrics express an unrequited love, the singer wishing the best for her former lover and his new partner. Praised by music critics for its emotive nature, "No Me Queda Más" was one of the most successful singles of Selena's career.
  • The Canadian National Vimy Memorial (nominated by Labattblueboy) is a memorial site in France dedicated to the memory of Canadian Expeditionary Force members killed during the First World War. It also serves as the place of commemoration for First World War Canadian soldiers killed or presumed dead in France who have no known grave. The monument is the centrepiece of a 100-hectare (250-acre) preserved battlefield park that encompasses a portion of the ground over which the Canadian Corps made their assault during the initial Battle of Vimy Ridge offensive of the Battle of Arras.
  • "Did You Hear What Happened to Charlotte King?" (nominated by Aoba47) is the seventh episode of the fourth season of the American television medical drama, Private Practice, and the show's 61st episode overall. Written by Shonda Rhimes and directed by Allison Liddi-Brown, the episode was originally broadcast on ABC. The episode revolved around KaDee Strickland's character, and was intended to accurately portray a victim's recovery from rape. It earned the series, Rhimes, and Strickland several awards and nominations and was well received by critics, with Strickland's character and performance praised.
  • State Route 94 (nominated by Rschen7754) is a highway in the U.S. state of California that is 63.324 miles (101.910 km) long. The western portion, known as the Martin Luther King Jr. Freeway, begins at Interstate 5 in downtown San Diego and continues to the end of the freeway portion past State Route 125 in Spring Valley. The non-freeway segment continues east through the mountains to Interstate 8 near Boulevard is known as Campo Road.
  • Emma Stone (nominated by FrB.TG) (born 1988) is an American actress. Born and raised in Scottsdale, Arizona, Stone was drawn to acting as a child, and her first role was in a theater production of The Wind in the Willows in 2000. As a teenager, she relocated to Los Angeles with her mother, and made her television debut in VH1's In Search of the New Partridge Family (2004), a reality show that produced only an unsold pilot. After a series of small television roles, she won a Young Hollywood Award for her film debut in Superbad (2007), and received positive media attention for her role inZombieland (2009).

Featured lists
Eight featured lists were promoted these weeks.
  • Miami-Dade Transit operates the Metrorail rapid transit system and the Metromover people mover system in Miami and Greater Miami-Dade County, Florida. The network consists of two elevated Metrorail lines and three elevated Metromover lines. Miami-Dade Transit operates 42 metro stations (nominated by Dream out loud), with 23 in the Metrorail system and 21 in the Metromover system (Brickell and Government Center stations serve both systems).
  • Sam Waterston (born 1940) is an American actor, producer and director. Waterston has appeared in numerous films, television shows as well as on stage(nominated by Arbero) during his career.
  • Marilyn Monroe (1926–1962) was an American actress who appeared in 29 films between 1946 and 1961 (nominated by SchroCat). After a brief career in modeling she signed short-term film contracts, and appeared in minor roles for the first few years of her career. Her major breakthrough came in 1953, when she starred in three pictures: the film noir Niagara, and the comedies Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and How to Marry a Millionaire. Monroe won, or was nominated for, several awards during her career. Those she won included the Henrietta Award for Best Young Box Office Personality and World Film Favorite, and a Crystal Star Award and David di Donatello Award. She was inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame and a Golden Palm Star was dedicated at the Palm Springs Walk of Stars. She continues to be considered a major icon in American popular culture.
  • The Adelaide Oval is a cricket ground in Adelaide, Australia. It is the home ground of the South Australia cricket team and both the men's and women's team of Adelaide Strikers as well as Australian rules football and soccer teams. Two-hundred international cricket centuries have been scored at the stadium(nominated by Yellow Dingo). The first century at the ground was scored by the Australian Percy McDonnell, and Don Bradman's 299 not out, is the highest individual score by a batsman at the ground.
  • The International Olympic Committee recognises the fastest performances in pool-based swimming events at the Olympic Games (nominated by The Rambling Man). Men's swimming has been part of the Summer Olympics since the Games' modern inception in 1896; but it was not until 1912 that women competed against each other. Races are held in four swimming categories: freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly, over varying distances and in either individual or relay race events. Medley swimming races are also held, both individually and in relays, in which all four swimming categories are used. Of the 32 pool-based events, swimmers from the United States hold eighteen records, including one tied with a swimmer from Canada, Australia and China three each, Hungary two, and one each to the Netherlands, Brazil, Japan, Great Britain, Singapore and Sweden. Thirteen of the current Olympic records were set at the 2016 Games.
  • Selena Quintanilla-Pérez (1971–1995) was an American singer, songwriter, spokesperson, actress, and fashion designer. During her career, she has released(nominated by AJona1992) twenty-seven official singles, seven promotional singles, and made five guest vocalist appearances.
  • S.L. Benfica is a Portuguese professional football team based in São Domingos de Benfica, Lisbon. The club was formed in 1904, and played his first competitive match in 1906. Since their first competitive match, 247 players have played between 25 and 99 matches (nominated by Threeohsix). Three players fell one short of 100 appearances, and four former players went on to be first-team managers.
  • Quentin Tarantino (born 1963) is an American director, producer, screenwriter and actor. His filming career (nominated by FrB.TG) began in the late 1980s by directing, writing and starring in the black-and-white My Best Friend's Birthday, a partially lost amateur short film which was never officially released. Since then he has appeared in twenty-seven more films, directed ten more films (also guest directing in Sin City), wrote seven-teen more films and produced four-teen films. Tarantino has also appeared in eight television episodes, directed two and wrote one. He also appears in the game Steven Spielberg's Director's Chair as Jack Cavello.


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The following 1 user Likes Haarek's post:
  • Emil
#49
(09-28-2016, 06:57 PM)aviator Wrote:
(09-24-2016, 06:25 PM)SirMinus Wrote: -Snip-

That notation is horrible, yet the pic is from a university?


Less history, more science Wink

I've got ya covered buddy here's some stuff on the compisition of nucleic acids. Some is copy and pasta from my textbook some is my own words.



Spoiler :
From medicine to evolution, from agriculture to forensics, the properties of nucleic acids affect our lives every day. It is with nucleic acids that the concept of “information” entered the biological vocabulary. Nucleic acids are uniquely capable of coding for and transmitting biological information. Nucleic acids are polymers specialized for the storage, transmission, and use of genetic information. There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). DNA is a macromolecule that encodes he- reditary information and passes it from generation to genera- tion. Through RNA intermediates, the information encoded in DNA is used to specify the amino acid sequences of proteins and control the expression synthesis of other RNAs. During cell division and reproduction, information flows from exist- ing DNA to the newly formed DNA in a new cell or organism. In the nonreproductive activities of the cell, information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. It is the proteins that ultimately carry out many of life’s functions. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids Nucleic acids are polymers composed of monomers called nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of three components: a ni- trogen-containing base, a pentose sugar, and one to three phos- phate groups (Figure 4.1). Molecules consisting of a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base—but no phosphate group—are RNA Ribose DNA Deoxyribose The base may be either a pyrimidine or a purine. called nucleosides. The nucleotides that make up nucleic ac- ids contain just one phosphate group—they are nucleoside monophosphates. The bases of the nucleic acids take one of two chemical forms: a six-membered single-ring structure called a pyrimi- dine, or a fused double-ring structure called a purine (see Figure 4.1). In DNA, the pentose sugar is deoxyribose, which differs from the ribose found in RNA by the absence of one oxygen atom (see Figure 3.16). During the formation of a nucleic acid, new nucleotides are added to an existing chain one at a time. The pentose sugar in the last nucleotide of the existing chain and the phosphate on the new nucleotide undergo a condensation reaction (see Figure 3.4), and the resulting bond is called a phosphodiester linkage (Figure 4.2). The phosphate on the new nucleotide is at- tached to the 5′-carbon atom of its sugar, and the linkage occurs between it and the 3′-carbon on the last sugar of the existing chain. Because each nucleotide is added to the 3′-carbon of the last sugar, nucleic acids are said to grow in the 5′-to-3′ direction. As with carbohydrates (see Section 3.3), nucleic acids can range in size. Oligonucleotides are relatively short, with about 20 nucleotide monomers, whereas polynucleotides can be much longer. • Oligonucleotides include RNA molecules that function as “primers” to begin the duplication of DNA; RNA mol- ecules that regulate the expression of genes; and synthetic DNA molecules used for amplifying and analyzing other, longer nucleotide sequences. • Polynucleotides, more commonly referred to as nucleic acids, include DNA and most RNA. Polynucleotides can be very long, and indeed are the longest polymers in the liv- ing world. Some DNA molecules in humans contain hun- dreds of millions of nucleotides. Base pairing occurs in both DNA and RNA DNA and RNA differ somewhat in their sugar groups, bases, and strand structure (Table 4.1). Four bases are found in DNA: adenine (A), cytosine ©, guanine (G), and thymine (T). RNA is also made up of four different monomers, but its nucleotides include uracil (U) instead of thymine. The sugar in DNA is de- oxyribose, whereas the sugar in RNA is ribose.



Long story short


Nucleic acid = polymer
polymer = monomers joined by covalent bonds through condensation reaction
Nucleic acid can be DNA or RNA 
DNA has a deoxyribose pentoses carbohydrate which is like the ribose but lacks an oxygen in the carbon two of its structure unlike ribose

Importance of DNA is that it stores transfers and uses biological information
When a cell is dividing DNA replicated transfering its information to new DNA 
When cell is not dividing DNA transfers Info to RNA  which then through processes codes for protein in translation 

Nucleic acid which is a macromolecule ( polymer with a molecular weight of 1000+ ) composed of monomer called nucleotide which is composed of Nitrogen containing base, Pentoses sugar and one to three phosphate group .

molecules with no phosphate group but that have nitrogenous base and sugar called nucleoside. In nucleic acid the nucleotides contain just one phosphate group - they are called nucleoside monophosphates 

Im gonna stop procrastinating and go back to studying lol 







 

[Image: 10WI43J.gif?1]
#50
(09-28-2016, 07:10 PM)King Kickass Wrote:
(09-28-2016, 06:57 PM)aviator Wrote:
(09-24-2016, 06:25 PM)SirMinus Wrote: -Snip-

That notation is horrible, yet the pic is from a university?


Less history, more science Wink

I've got ya covered buddy here's some stuff on the compisition of nucleic acids. Some is copy and pasta from my textbook some is my own words.



Spoiler :
From medicine to evolution, from agriculture to forensics, the properties of nucleic acids affect our lives every day. It is with nucleic acids that the concept of “information” entered the biological vocabulary. Nucleic acids are uniquely capable of coding for and transmitting biological information. Nucleic acids are polymers specialized for the storage, transmission, and use of genetic information. There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). DNA is a macromolecule that encodes he- reditary information and passes it from generation to genera- tion. Through RNA intermediates, the information encoded in DNA is used to specify the amino acid sequences of proteins and control the expression synthesis of other RNAs. During cell division and reproduction, information flows from exist- ing DNA to the newly formed DNA in a new cell or organism. In the nonreproductive activities of the cell, information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. It is the proteins that ultimately carry out many of life’s functions. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids Nucleic acids are polymers composed of monomers called nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of three components: a ni- trogen-containing base, a pentose sugar, and one to three phos- phate groups (Figure 4.1). Molecules consisting of a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base—but no phosphate group—are RNA Ribose DNA Deoxyribose The base may be either a pyrimidine or a purine. called nucleosides. The nucleotides that make up nucleic ac- ids contain just one phosphate group—they are nucleoside monophosphates. The bases of the nucleic acids take one of two chemical forms: a six-membered single-ring structure called a pyrimi- dine, or a fused double-ring structure called a purine (see Figure 4.1). In DNA, the pentose sugar is deoxyribose, which differs from the ribose found in RNA by the absence of one oxygen atom (see Figure 3.16). During the formation of a nucleic acid, new nucleotides are added to an existing chain one at a time. The pentose sugar in the last nucleotide of the existing chain and the phosphate on the new nucleotide undergo a condensation reaction (see Figure 3.4), and the resulting bond is called a phosphodiester linkage (Figure 4.2). The phosphate on the new nucleotide is at- tached to the 5′-carbon atom of its sugar, and the linkage occurs between it and the 3′-carbon on the last sugar of the existing chain. Because each nucleotide is added to the 3′-carbon of the last sugar, nucleic acids are said to grow in the 5′-to-3′ direction. As with carbohydrates (see Section 3.3), nucleic acids can range in size. Oligonucleotides are relatively short, with about 20 nucleotide monomers, whereas polynucleotides can be much longer. • Oligonucleotides include RNA molecules that function as “primers” to begin the duplication of DNA; RNA mol- ecules that regulate the expression of genes; and synthetic DNA molecules used for amplifying and analyzing other, longer nucleotide sequences. • Polynucleotides, more commonly referred to as nucleic acids, include DNA and most RNA. Polynucleotides can be very long, and indeed are the longest polymers in the liv- ing world. Some DNA molecules in humans contain hun- dreds of millions of nucleotides. Base pairing occurs in both DNA and RNA DNA and RNA differ somewhat in their sugar groups, bases, and strand structure (Table 4.1). Four bases are found in DNA: adenine (A), cytosine ©, guanine (G), and thymine (T). RNA is also made up of four different monomers, but its nucleotides include uracil (U) instead of thymine. The sugar in DNA is de- oxyribose, whereas the sugar in RNA is ribose.



Long story short


Nucleic acid = polymer
polymer = monomers joined by covalent bonds through condensation reaction
Nucleic acid can be DNA or RNA 
DNA has a deoxyribose pentoses carbohydrate which is like the ribose but lacks an oxygen in the carbon two of its structure unlike ribose

Importance of DNA is that it stores transfers and uses biological information
When a cell is dividing DNA replicated transfering its information to new DNA 
When cell is not dividing DNA transfers Info to RNA  which then through processes codes for protein in translation 

Nucleic acid which is a macromolecule ( polymer with a molecular weight of 1000+ ) composed of monomer called nucleotide which is composed of Nitrogen containing base, Pentoses sugar and one to three phosphate group .

molecules with no phosphate group but that have nitrogenous base and sugar called nucleoside. In nucleic acid the nucleotides contain just one phosphate group - they are called nucleoside monophosphates 

Im gonna stop procrastinating and go back to studying lol 







 


Cheers mate, was planning on going over Nucleic acids this weekend. More interesting than photosynthesis that I've been studying in class recently lol.
Regards,
aviator


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